Water Pollution Effect on Animals,Human Health

Best wastewater Treatment ideas 2012

2012-01-21T07:29:00.000-08:00

Best wastewater Treatment ideas 2012 Filtration Types The most common type of filtration in water treatment is ''normal/dead end''filtration where all In fluent passes through a filter medium that removes contaminants to produce higher quality water Rough screens, sand filters multimedia filters and cartridge filters are examples of filtration products that operate this way to remove 0.1 micron particles or larger. Once the medium becomes The method of obtaining clean filtration medium is based on economic and disposal concerns minimizing contammant buildup leaving it free to reject incoming material and to allow free flow of purified water.

Although membrane cleaning is melodically required, the self-clean mg nature of crossflow filtration lengthens membrane life enough to make it economically attractive.

Cross flow filtration is corned out in a machine that includes the membrane element and housings,interconnecting piping, pumps, profiteers and controls and instrumentation necessary for operation Although there are few choices of medium to reject substances smaller than 0.1 micron the most popular ls the polymers membrane, packaged into a membrane element millions of small pores per purification capabilities, particularly to reduce levels of small, dissolved immunity normally less than 0.1 micron in size The crossflow process continually sweeps the membrane surface, minimizing buildup of rejected impurities to make membrane filtration processes cost effective. Successful operation depends on good membrane selection, machine design and preachment During membrane filtration the separation of the components of a pressurized fluid is made possible The pressure required vanes Inversely with the size of the pores The following are the four commonly accepted categories of membranes, based on the size of the material they will remove from the caber liquid.

Industrial wastewater treatment
wastewater treatment process
Home wastewater treatment
Office wastewater treatment
Secondary waste treatment
Hotel wastewater treatment

Examples of ecological succession

2012-01-21T06:38:00.000-08:00

Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over a peperiod of time. In the process of succession, the species present in an area will gradually change. Succession takes place because of the changes in the environmental conditions in a particular place over a period of time Each species is adapted to thrive and compete best against other species under a very specific set of environmental conditions If these conditions change, then the existing species will be replaced by a new set of species which are better adapted to the new condemns.

Ecological succession may also occur when the conditions of an environment suddenly and drastically change. A forest fare. Wind storm and human activities like agriculture all greatly alter the conditions of an Environment. dominance among the species still present Observed changes in the structure and function of communities in the intermediate stages of ecological succession generally result from natural selection of individuals within their current environment. Three mechanisms by which species may replace each other have been proposed the relative Importance of each depends on the nature of the community and stage of development The following are the three proposed hypothesis pertaining to the mechanism of replacement.

The tolerance hypothesis
Evade and replace them by reducing resource levels below those tolerated by earlier occupants.Successions proceeds despite the resistance of earlier colonists

Global warming Effect on Human Society

2012-01-02T22:02:00.000-08:00

Effects of Global warming Effects on Human Society: The Global Warming produces the intense heat during summer.

This excess heat is fatal for human beings. In Western Europe the record breaking heat wave combined with drought is responsible for death of 14800 people in France,4200 in Italy, 1400 in Netherlands, 1300 in Portugal, 900 in U. K. 100 in Spain during July-August 2003.The Global warming melts the polar ice caps. The big cities near to ocean shore may be engulfed by oceans. The lakes streams and aquifers could shrinks or dry up due to temperature increase and cause the severe water scarcity in urban centers.

Governmental panel on climate change BF 1 4 - 5 80C) by estimated that temperature might rise 2.5-10.4 ( 2100 and assumed that Carbon dioxide levels would reach 540-970 ppm by that year.

How to build a small greenhouse and Small greenhouse Plan

2012-01-02T21:40:00.000-08:00

Energy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate and heats the earth surface while after some amount of energy radiates back into space. The atmospheric gases like water vapour carbon dioxide etc. trap some outgoing heat, this works as like glass panels of a green house. That's why this atmospheric phenomena known for Greenhouse Effects and the heat absorption gases called as Greenhouse gases.

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentration doubled while nitro us oxide concentration risen about 11 trio tones of organic carbon have been 15%. Nearly 1.5 x 10 me mined and consumed in the form of coal, oil and natural gas. The carbon-dioxide is a largest single waste proud of modem society.

The four tones of carbon dioxide is released each year by average Person Fossil fuels burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses and power factories responsible for about 98% of U. S. carbon-dioxide emissions, 24,% methane emissions and 18% nitrous oxide emissions In 1997 the United States emits about one-fifth of total global green house gases.

The Green House effect :

Sources of Water Pollution

2011-12-18T19:18:00.000-08:00

Main Sources of Water Pollution
Water is one of the most important environmental resource essential for the survival of life and the important element in the Bio shpere It helps in circulation, movement and cycling of nutrients which is found in various phases and storage such as
I) Liquid phase - Ocean, Seas, Lakes and Rivers.
II) Solid phase - Glaciers , Icecaps, Icesheets
It is Pointed out that only one percent of the total amount of water is available from various sources to biotech life including man.

Ground water is the largest source as improvises the largest amount of water which is being used at every walk of life water. Water has multi uses i.e drinking water, water for industries, irrigation, power generation, navigation and even disposal of sewage 'Rivers are our life lines' this statement itself suggest its importance.River vallie: are the cradles of the old civilization where it grows It is only because of availability of water. In India 80% of its population lies in 15 river vallies Use of water in percentage is given below for Indian contest Still most of the urban centers and rural areas are facing drinking water problem. even after 50 years of Independence lndians are not fortunate to obtain pure and safe drinking water. Water
problem is one of the most important crises on global as well as national level. More than 60% of Indians do not have clean safe and pure water to drink.
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How To Control Child Labour in India

2011-12-18T18:51:00.000-08:00

Total Villages in India (5.86,000) 72 crone population from rural sector only depend upon ) part of national GNP (Gross National productivity) All this population working In Agro and Agro based Industries. India's 26 crone population living below poverty line25% population of below poverty line having no cultivable land. Unemployment In India is basically structural and its proportion is going on increasing Ministry of Rural Development plans to give employment for one unemployed In a family from the year 2005-06. The scheme is introduced in 200 districts of India where unemployment is high. This optimistic programme reduces 50% population of below poverty line.

How To Control Child Labour ( How To Control Child Labour in India )
Child Labour and Child Marriages : The traditional outlook of poor families especially the people of below poverty line using the services of young children for only earning Instead of sending them to school. Much of the child labour is exposed to hazardous work for long hours The Indian Constitution bringing the Child Labour Act in 1986 for prevention of child Labour According to Article 24, no child below the age of 14 year shall be employed to work In any industry or in any hazardous employment.
The Mumbai has the largest number of child Labour In capital Delhl 60,000 children are working in ''Dhabas', tea-stalls and restaurants on daily wages of Its. 8 or Rs. 10. The majority of the working children are engaged in rural area also 60% of them are below the age of 10 years. The glass Industry of Firozabad In Uttar Pradesh, of the total workers of Industry (2,00,000) 50,000 workers are children According to Artical 39 of Indian constitution childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. Daily 236 new employees shafted to lumbar, majority of them are working as Labour Millions of the children from the poor families in the developing and underdeveloped countries Example : Asian countries, South Africa etc have to john the Labour force for economy. According to ILO Survey In 1995 South Africa with 26.3% and Asia with 13% of child labour In age group of 10 to 14. India's child Labour contribution is 15% (Hindustan Times June 23, 1996) Child Labour is overcome as a key social problem In metropolitan cities of India Extreme conditions of poverty unemployment.
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How To Control Child Labour in Mumbai
How To Control Child Labour in Maharashtra

Disadvantages of Nuclear Power

2011-12-18T18:30:00.000-08:00

1. India developed the capability and technology to harness energy from radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium.Production of radioactive elements and management of nuclear waste arised from nuclear power stations are the major problem associated with our nuclear power program.
2. The radioactive debris and dust get mixed into the atmosphere due to accidents In the nuclear power plant E g Chernobyl nuclear accident on April 25, 1986. Such type of accidents highly threatens the plant and animal life.
3. Leakage of Radioactive substance from nuclear power plantcreates carcinogenic and mutagenic impact on human health.
4. Skilled operators and careful plant supervision at 24 hours required to avoid its bad Impact on human health and environment.
5. No nuclear power plant having hundred percent leakage proof.
6. International restrictions on import and export of nude fuels.

Advantages of Nuclear Power

2011-12-18T18:29:00.001-08:00

1. The radioactive elements like uranium 235, thorium having highest potential of power generation than any other sources with minor environmental impact.
2. After burning of 1 carbon atom 4 ev energy is generated, whale uranium 235 atom generates 200 million eV. In comparison with
carbon it ls more than 5 cror tames greater. Again two to three atom uranium generated from chain reaction which generate again useful energy.
3. In the world, of the total power generation 16% power generated by 440 nuclear reactor. ne France harness 78% power from atomic energy.
4. Careful operation is required when nuclear reactor in process.

Industrial Problem on Rural Areas

2011-12-16T19:42:00.000-08:00

Industrial Problem on Rural Areas
Industrial Problem on Rural Areas company

Industrial Problem in Rural Area : Abundant and clean availability or natural resources turns industrial moment in rural area. From last few decades the cold drink manufacturing industry established their plant in rural area. In this context village "Placmada" in Kerala fights movement against coca-cola factory. Water is principle factor of these produce. For that they pumping ground water at alarming rate. The ground water level in this village reaches to 700 to 800 feet. Water shortage within campus of village largely affected agricultural areas even drinking water scarcity. Honorable Supreme Court put restrictions on-the utilization of ground water. Providing solar cookers to 30 million families, 3 million biogas plants, 5 million solar lamps, 2 million solar street-lamps, 1 billion solar water heaters along with targeted to electrify 18,000 villages with solar energy.

Rural sector having wide chances to harness the energy. from solar, wind, and biogas Industrial Effluent Problem in Maharashtra : Sangamner taluka comes in drought prone region. But there is no water shortage in the crowded areas of industries. The precious liquid comes in several color and flavors sludgy red, clear orange, foamy white and deep blue black. These liquids generated by distilleries, sugar mills and paper milks. The people in this taluka depend upon tanker of potable water provided by the sugar milks.

Urban Pollution Main source

2011-12-16T19:25:00.000-08:00

Urban Problems : Degraded my quality water pollution, unavailability of land,solid waste etc. affect the living standards of urban people. The enlisted urban problems are as follows.

Unsafe drinking water and water scarcity : Water is life, water is death. Human body contains 70% water. A human being survive without food but water deprivation (shortage) can kill a person withe few hours. Water sustains life, it can also become a cause of death if contaminated. Unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation facilities causes 80% of all diseases in the developed and developing countries, where as much as 90% of waste water is discharged into environment without any treatment It has been estimated that 50 to 100 Lak people died every year from diseases caused by poor and contaminated water. Of the total world population, 18% population consumes unsafe drinking water. According to WHO (World Health Organization) report the fresh water requirement is 135 liters per capita but slum dwellers having Inadequate supply of water i e 15 to 20 liters.

Inadequate Sanitation Facilities : majority of people in slum having a problem of housing. The basic facilities e.g sanitation,housing, health etc. required for decent living affected by poor economic condition. The second world water conference held In "Heg" targeted to reduce 50% world population who lacks safe drinking water and total sanitation facilities by the year 2015. For that the developed and developing countries generate fund of 200 billion dollars from world wide.

Real Impact of population growth

2011-12-16T19:17:00.000-08:00

1. Modem technologies exploit the natural resources at alarming rate and deteriorates the environmental quality.

2. Industrialized agriculture more demands for energy sources for equipments. It has been estimated that words 8% energy sources i.e oil used in Agri-sector
3. Energy availability is a backbone of economic development For achieving economic stability developed countries consume highest non-renewable resources.
4. Overpopulation carried more stress on agriculture for food production which is basic need of human. expanded agro-area reduced forest cover and disturb ecological balance high lost important flora and fauna.
5. The rate of natural calamities is incensed with increasing population. Example : Flood Drought.
A. Rapid industrialization more demands for resources. Natural resources utilized by greedy way creates more damage to environment. E.g. Global arming add rain, green house effect
7. Heavy utilized pesticides in the Agri-sector enters into food chain through biological magnification. Over irrigation of land creates problem like soil salinity water logging and alkalinity of soil.
8. Over population leads to social problems in urban area are poverty unemployment, child labour stress on civic amenities such as electricity waler and solid waste.Impact of human activities on Environment The process of industrialization and urbanization begins at a time. This flow borrowed from western countries After independence the policy makers have deeded poplar development of metro polit an dales as a result much of industrial areas concentrated in the urban areas. Example : lumbar, Kolkata, chennai Delhi. These industrialized sectors generate much employment, attracted employees from rural sector to urban area. It has been estimated that 236 new employees per day admitted to Mumbai for employment As a result of urbanization creates serious social and environmental problems such as total sanitation drinking water,slum dwelling population growth health problem,solid waste,illiteracy unskilled and unemployed population.
The UNESCO, UNO World Bank and ministry of Environment suggest remedies of arising problem. They planned to development of industries in rural areas. but the research report based on problem of industrialization in Rural Areas'' states that rural area also facing problems of air, water, sound pollution and health calamities Human induced activities creates impact over local environment of the metropolitan city such as coastal water pollution,destruction of mangroves forest in estuaries, construction within
flood prone zone. Example : Mitti raver in Mumbai.

Thermal pollution and Effects of Thermal pollution

2011-12-08T10:17:00.000-08:00

Number of industrial processes may utilize water for cooling From cooling process, resultant warm water has been discharged into water bodies.Generators which run on fuel like coal or oil and automatic energy plants causes waste heat on large scale which is carried away as hot water that causes thermal pollution.

Thermal pollution can be defined as Presence of large amount of waste heat in the receivig water which cause: harmful effects in natural environment's Most often the term thermal pollution is used for detrimental effect of heated discharges. It do not involve the impairment of purity neither heat is pollutant. Raising or lowering of temperature leads the impairment of environmental air or water quality. Abut 80% of total water with drawn for industrial orations is used for cooling only. The industrial plants that contribute the thermal loading of surface water with prime concern are : 1) Thermal plants ii) Nuclear plants. Steam electric power plants alone with its discharge in water increases 6* to 100 temperature of receiving water. Some times negative thermal loading also takes place during hydel power generation. About 18 percent more heat is required to cooling water nuclear power plants than fossil fuelplants.

Municipal sewage, steel plants. cement factories are also the constrictors of thermal pollution, sewage without treatment discharges into canal or steams. Domestic sewage normally has higher temperature than the receiving water which raises stream temperature to a measurable extent. Increase intemperately of receiving water decreases the dissolved oxygen level of the same hence anaerobic conditions please foul gases. The aquatic organisms which depend on the dogtrot the water will die Heated industrial effluents when discharged into river, lake. ponds or sink also have similar effects and chats instability to aquatic ecosystem.

Effects of Thermal pollution :
Life process involves many reactions, which varies accordingly temperature changes. It also influences on physiology,digestion, Rate of respiration and reproduction is condoned by
temperature.
1) Aquatic animals are affected on large scale by thermal Pollution Particularlyfish population and fish species due to Potential hazards
2) Surface watery are the habitat for wider variety of flora and fauna of which. existence and survival depend on aquatic environment.
3) Concentration of dissolved oxygen depend on temperature of surface water. Increase in surface water temperature decreases dissolved oxygen. eg. DO.
4) The rate of biochemical reaction and PH is determined by temperature of water.
5) sharp and sudden changes in surface water temperature have destructive effects on aquatic ecosystem. D.O. Concentration at 0.C is 14.6 ppm which at 35% is 7.1 ppm.
6) Increase in temperature leads metabolic and respiration inference in biotic. Sometimes death due to failure of nervous system take place.
7) Reproductive mechanism gets affected and duranal seasonal behaviour of organisms gets changed.
8) Higher the temperature of surface water.

Air Pollution effect on Human Body

2011-12-07T22:40:00.000-08:00

Air Pollution effect on Human Body Consequences of air pollution Including human diseases The air pollutants seriously and adversely affect the human health. Some of the health Impacts of air pollutants are as follows :
Air Pollution and Human Diseases : Tobacco smoke generates a wide range of harmful air pollutants. The affects of tobacco smoking also seen on passive smoker. These are burning sensation in the eyes or nose, throat irritation, cancer, bronchitis, severe asthma and decease lung function.

Biological Pollutants : These are mostly allergens that can cause asthma hay fever and other allergic diseases. Volatile Organic compounds : Volatile compounds can cause irritation of the eye, nose and throat. If concentration inbred- the health effects like headache, nausea, and loss of co-ordination.

Main Sources of soil pollution

2011-12-07T21:38:00.000-08:00

Main Sources of soil pollution : pollution of soil caused by the various sources below mentioned Main Sources of soil pollution Read the carefully.

1. Physical Sources : The physical sources related with soil erosion and soil degradation. The natural factors of soil erosion includes high rainfall, changing temperature, wind, topography factor, lithographic factor, vegetation and soil characteristics. These favors accelerated by human activities
2. Biological Sources : The micro-organisms and unwanted plants degraded the quality and fertility of soil. The soil pollutant biological agent are pathogenic micro-organisms excreted by human beings and animals, enteric bacteria and protozoa. These micro-organisms enter the food chain and thus affect human bodies.
3. Air-borne Sources : The pollutants released in atmosphere by human activities affect on soil system. Fallout the atmospheric pollutants deposited tonics in soil. Sulphur emitted from factories causes acid rain which lower the PH of the soil. Sulphur dioxide (SOp emitted from the factories in UK and Germany has been responsible for widespread acid rain in the foray; Sweden, Finland. Huge quantity of particulate matters emitted from cement factories lime kilns coal mining, loading and unloading of coal,thermal power plants reach the soil and pollute soil by altering physical and chemical property.
4. Deposition of Solid Waste : Soil pollution involves the deposition of soled waste i e. cans, bottles, plastic containers in soil These components cannot break easily, when these materi accumulated in soil and it interfere organic life.
5. Chemical fertilizes and Pesticides : Excessive use of chemical fertilizers to boost agricultural profusion causes alteration in the physical and chemical properties of soils. The chemical pesticides,insecticides, herbicides destroy microorganisms including useful bacteria and thus lower down the quality of soil significantly. The world consumption of pesticides, Insecticides, herbicides has substantially Increased from 25,030 billion tonnes in 1965-66 to 100,000 billion tonnes during 1980 which shows four-fold increase within a period of 15 years.

Air Pollution Water and Soil Pollution Sources

2011-12-07T19:41:00.000-08:00

Air Pollution Water and Soil Pollution Sources and Consequences including Human Diseases Air Pollution Sources.
Air pollution : AirPollution is defined as Presece of any materials in the air in such a concentration which is harmful to man and environmental Air pollutants can include almost any natural or artificial substance which are air borne as solid particles, liquid droplets and gases of combination of these forms There are hundreds of pollutants have been identified and fall into the following major categories : solids,sulphur compounds, volatile organic chemicals, nitrogen compounds,oxygen compounds, halogen compounds, radioactive compounds and odour.

Sources of Air Pollution : There are two major sources of the air pollution.
(a) Air pollutants from natural sources :

1. From Volcanoes : Dust, ashes, smoke, carbon-dioxide and other gases.
2. From extra-terrestrial body ; Cosmic dust, dusts produced due to collision of asteroids, meteors, comets etc.
3. From green plants : Vapour through evapotranspiratlon,pollen of plant flowers, carbon-dioxide from bacteria.
4. From land sources : Salts-sprays from seas and oceans, dusts and soil particles from ground surface.
5.Forest fires : Releases pollutants like carbon-dioxide, sulphur-) dioxide etc

(b) Air pollutants from Anthropological or man-made sources :

1. Automobile : Automobiles are major source of air pollution.The major emission after combustion of fuels are carbon-monoxlde (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (Noxsulphur- dioxide and other like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein bezaldehyde Among these participates, lead is the mayor significant toxic compound. Indian petrol contains a high percentage of lead,whose emission leads to lung diseases and cancer.

2. Thermal Power Plants : The coal is used for energy generation in Thermal power plants. The fly ash, soot and sulphur-dioxide are major pollutants from thermal power station. The sulphur content of Indian coal is less than one. per cent But this coal contains high i amount of ash, which is in the range of 25 - 40%. Fly ash from power station reduces visibility and contains trace amount of chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and manganese.

3. Fertilizer Factories : Fertilizer plants produces large quantities of air pollutants. Some of these are fluorine, ammonia, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matters.

4. Textile Mills : The major air pollutants from textile milks are cotton dust, smoke and other combustion wastes, kerosene or naphtha vapours sulphuric acid nitrogen oxide, chlorine, formaldehyde etc. The surrounding of textile milks are generally dusty with deposits of cotton fluff. Continuous Inhalation of cotton fluff causes lung disorders.

5. Nuclear Reactions : During nuclear fission and fusion reactions radioactive substances like U-239 and n-231 are released zn environment. These substances are very long life in

environment and are not destroyed easily. Generally air pollution results from a variety of causes,not all of which are within human control. Dust storm in desert areas and smoke

from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air. THE sources of pollution may be in one country but the Impact of pollution may be felt

elsewhere. The researcher discovers the contents of pesticides in Antartica where they are never been used, suggests the extent to which aerial transportation can carry pollutants from one place to another.

Environmental impacts of nuclear accidents and holocausts

2011-12-06T20:18:00.000-08:00

1. Most lethal hazard on plants and animals because radioactive materials radiation creates mutagenic effects.
2. Nuclear materials spread in atmosphere is deteriorate the composition of atmosphere
3. The atmospheric fallout nuclear materials pollute the water reservoirs. Prevention, Control and Mitigation of Nuclear Accident Disaster The nuclear accidents disaster happen due to technological problems The attending of such technological problems by research and extension works. After radiation some prevention, control and mitigation strategies minimizes radioactivity of nuclear materials.
1. Regular inspection of radioactive system, coolant circulation gives effective and safe condition for nuclear reaction.
2. The technically skilled and experienced human resource for nuclear centers. That's why safe working maintained.
3. Various chemicals used for decontamiate the radioactive waste spilled after accident. For e g EDIA thiourea etc.
4. Keep the nuclear reactors or station in dense area besides populated area.
Hazardous waste Explosion : Hazardous waste explosion is a disaster related with toxic waste disposal system. The toxic waste like heavy metal compounds, chemicals etc. are buried in ditches. The decomposition of tins burial hazardous waste causes explosion There are numbers of toxic chemical used In Industrial processes after while these spent toxic chemicals buried and cause release toxic gases creates disasters. The Love canal dump site occurs a hazardous waste explosion disaster In 1877. The ditches of Love canal near Niagara fall used to dump Industrial wastes. The process of dumping of Industrial wastes continued till 1952. The ground of this dumping site used for residential purposes. The toxic chemicals hidden in the dumped canal suddenly burst during the winter of 1976-77 due to heavy rainfall and snowfall which created severe health hazard of alarming proportion as the newly built suburb ( suffered from high rate of abortions (among the women), blood and liver abnormalities, birth defects and several kinds of physiological
disorders.

Environmental Impact of Avalanches

2011-12-06T20:10:00.001-08:00

1. Large rock avalanches have dammed river and burled towns.
2 Dangers presented by avalanches to mountain climbers,skiers travelers, and residents of mountainous terrain.
3. Avalanches can carry a considerable amount of rock debris with the snow.
4. Avalanches rose a death tolls. March 7, 2003 In Kashmir,avalanche caused by heavy snow kill at least 17 peoples in the area of Indo-pakistan controlled portion Prevention, Control and Mitigation of Avalanches Quervian offered major contributions In the development of avalanche warning systems and methods of treating snow problem. Snow and Avalanche Research Institute, Switzerland built a protective devices against dangerous Impact of avalanches.

Prevention and Control and Mitigation of Tsunamis

2011-12-06T20:05:00.000-08:00

Tsunamis are relates with earthquake but the prediction of this type of natural disaster is possible.
1. The prediction of Tsunami generated site gives early warning about this disaster. This minimizes the mortality of people. The pacific ocean countries have early warning system of Tsunamis
2. The mangroves forests arts as a tide absorber. Rich belts of mangroves forests prevent the coastal area from Tsunamis.
3. In the coastal areas communication network system develop This system gives early waning and nature of Tsunamis.
4. Planted the tress in coastal areas. The tress reduces frequencies of tides

5. In Tsunami prone area, disaster management training,programme useful for minimizing such types of disaster.
7. Avalanches : Large mass of rock debris or snow that moves rapidly down a mountain slope, sweeping and grinding everything in its path. An avalanche begins when a mass of material overcomes frictional resistance of a sloping surface, often after its foundation is loosened by spring rams or ls rapidly melted by a foehne (warm,dry wind).

Switzerland's experience for minimizing impact of avalanches

2011-12-06T19:53:00.000-08:00

The Alpine mountains have about 10,'000 avalanches annually mer. than 8,000 of them in: February March and April-For centuries village communities relies on forests on the mountain slopes for protection from these slides, since 20-30 years old forest can inhibit or stop avalanches. In addition to that costly amoral structures such as metal barriers, earthen wales, concrete wedges protect the villages. highways and Alpine paths.

Why is Water Good for You and How Much Water Do We Need to Drink?

2011-11-02T19:15:00.000-07:00

Why is Water Good for You: "How much water our body needs can be calculated by taking your body weight in pounds and dividing that number in half. will provide you with number of ounces of water you should drink everyday. Weigh 180 pounds, Daily need to drink minimum 90 ounces of water per day. need to exercise regularly, should increase the water intake by eight more glasses of water for every 20 minutes you are active. Approximately 20 to 30 percent of water comes from the food we eat and rest from the beverages we drink. In place of soda, herbal tea or sport drinks which contain added sugar, it is always better to drink simple and clean water or natural fruit juices which are rich in vitamins and nutrients.
Always carry a bottle of water while working, traveling, or exercising, to maintain enough water intake in the body. Sufficient intake of clean and fresh water not only improves your overall health but also prevents from several ailments and diseases"

'via Blog this'

Benefits of Alkaline Antioxidant Water

2011-11-02T19:12:00.000-07:00

Acidosis is the process which takes place in our body and affects the health. Lack of exercise is one of the main reasons for body to suffer from acidosis. Benefits of Alkaline Antioxidant Water body with high proportion of acids and less amount of bacteria, fungi and other harmful microbes in the body. Acid level of the body is therefore, one of major alkaline antioxidant water benefits.

"Proper pH balance is maintained in the body by intake of this water. Rise in the acid levels in our body responsible for problems like heartburn, etc. Alkaline water can therefore, prove to be useful to create pH balance.
critics of alkaline antioxidant water state that this kind of water, touted as cure for many health problems, is nothing but snake oil Alkaline Antioxidant Water critics,After research pertaining to this kind of water has not been conducted in reputed according to him is just a marketing gimmick. Alkaline antioxidant water should therefore be of very low or no use."

Source : Alkaline Antioxidant Water

Simple steps for save water

2011-11-02T19:07:00.000-07:00

Simple steps for save water 2011 :

Minimum time spent in the shower.
After use water turn off the faucet while shaving and brushing teeth.
Use washing machines that load from the front.
Include reduced-flow faucets or water saving faucet inserts of aerators in the house or office.
Ensure that leaking or dripping faucets and running toilets are repaired.
Replace old high-flow toilets with ones that save water.
Put up dams in toilet tanks or fill a plastic container or milk jug with rocks and then place it in the toilet tank.

Water Pollution Facts in India

2011-11-02T19:03:00.000-07:00

Mumbai,Pune,Delhi there is Lot of industries ares so lot of Water Pollution Facts ares in big city's what is The real situation in Mumbai with respect to water pollution is not very different from that of rest of the world. It has been observed that around 45% rivers in the India are polluted. One cannot use water from these rivers for drinking, swimming or any such activity. rivers are not capable of sustaining aquatic life. Forty-six percent of lakes in India are unfit for supporting aquatic life. Mumbai ocean pollution facts should help gain a greater understanding of the subject matter.

Mumbai Water Pollution Facts are being made to alleviate the problem of water pollution. this problem can't be solved completely; however need to be taken for its mitigation. Considering the pace at which India and other developing countries like USA,Japan and other are growing is necessary to below strict guidelines in reducing water pollution. Mumbai Water Pollution Facts the facts about water pollution mentioned above should prove to be useful.

Mumbai with other Each Rivers in the continent of Asia are considered as most polluted. rivers contain 99 times as much lead found in water bodies of industrialized nations of other continents. Bacteria from human waste found in these rivers are 10 times greater than that of the global.

Source : Water Pollution Facts in Mumbai with Water Pollution Facts in India

Simple Steps to Prevent Water Pollution

2011-11-02T18:54:00.000-07:00

Save Daily Water

How can saving water reduce water pollution save water, there is lesser contaminated water to treat, pressure of the same on the resources becomes minimal.

Easy on the Chemicals

All those pesticides and fertilizers that using in garden really harmful and poisonous mixed with water. Prevent Water Pollution Basically, not fit for human consumption. pesticides and chemicals find a way into the water resources and pollute the water further.

Industrial Pollution STOP :

Strict laws need to be put into place that state the correct procedures for the discarding of industrial waste. Strict action needs to be taken against those who do not follow the same.

Keep a lookout for discarding. Never, ever throw oil, paints, AND things like that into the sink or the toilet. Water Pollution line, it mixes with the water sources and adds to the contamination. Prevent Water Pollution to know what water pollution is before we get any further into the prevention of water pollution factor. Water pollution refers to any that changes the composition and the physical, biological or chemical properties of water. Water Pollution can be brought about due to the contamination by harmful substances

Ways to Prevent Water Pollution

2011-11-02T18:47:00.000-07:00

Ways to Prevent Water Pollution U NEED to see to it that the GOVT is stringent about seeing to it that there are adequate treatment plants to treat sewage, and seeing to it that industries have treatment plants and nuclear plants have proper waste storage systems for radioactive and so on, there are many things that we can do individually to prevent water pollution. Given below are a few ways to prevent water pollution: Toxic products like paints, automobile oil, and cleaning products should be stored and disposed off properly.
Dispose off trash in a proper manner and try and incorporate the recycling habit as far as possible.
Refrain from throwing litter into streams, seas. collect them and dispose off them in any nearby waste disposal system.Also, it is important to keep your automobile well maintained in order to prevent leakages of toxic fluids like antifreeze and oil.
Also, actively conserve water turning the tap off such as while brushing teeth.
Try using environmentally friendly household products like toiletries, soap-based household cleaning material, and washing powder as far as possible.
Try using natural fertilizers and pesticides as far as possible, do not overuse them or lawns. Reducing the pollutants that get into water systems due to runoffs.
Automobile oil should be re-used as far as possible.
No-degradable products like tampons, sanitary napkins, and diapers should not be flushed down the toilet, for these can end up damaging the process of sewage treatment, and usually end up as litter on beaches.
Source : Water Pollution

How to Stop Water Pollution

2011-11-02T18:43:00.000-07:00

Water pollution is one of the leading causes of imbalance in our ecosystem. Water Pollution dangers of this pollution are highly with very few things actually being done for its prevention. see what can we do to change things for the better. Before we get to know about the prevention of water pollution, let us take a minute and understand what water pollution is and what can be done to stop this pollution.

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies due to human interference and actions that lead to a disturbance in the cycles of our ecosystem. Water Pollution contamination can take place due to a lot of reasons ranging from improper household garbage disposal to industrial waste or ignorance towards individual habits A simple example. problems in the proper functioning. Same with water pollution.Now that we know what water pollution is, let us move ahead to know what are the causes of water pollution and how we can prevent it.

Another step towards the prevention of water pollution is to control your habits. Do you flush pet waste or remove it with hosepipe if it's in garden need to stop doing that. Water Pollution actually contributing to water pollution right at home. Pick up the pet waste and throw it off in bin. flush tissues or sanitary napkins Stop it now as this is one of the leading causes of water pollution.
Source : Water pollution

Water Pollution Solutions 2011

2011-07-09T23:42:00.000-07:00

Water Pollution Solutions 2011, Presidents of various countries and the water pollution solutions for their involvement in polluting water, take a look on the inside. course, water pollution solutions best water pollutions solutions for kids is to save water simplest water pollution solutions is, water pollution solutions make water protection laws more stringent and penalize anyone who's found breaking them

water pollution solutionsn solutions to implement, as it involves politicians actively, water pollution solutions genuine concern, this can easily be implemented.

Check for any illegal setups of pipes that may be making waste water pollution solutions nearest outflow pipe to the nearest creek most

Air Pollution Effect on Kids

2011-07-08T13:24:00.000-07:00

Air Pollution Effect on Kids 2011 :

Combustion of fossil fuels causes air pollution. The three types of fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are very essential in daily life. They are used for the production of electricity, for cooking, transportation, in industries and other purposes. The combustion of fossil fuels mainly generate a lot of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The excess level of carbon dioxide is very harmful for the environment and even the excess amount of water vapor leads to the change in atmospheric humidity.The transportation vehicles like cars, trucks, bus, air crafts also cause air pollution.The calamitous emissions of radioactive elements also contribute to air pollution. A list of radioactive elements which is responsible for air pollution. Pertaining to the deforestation facts for kids, it also contributes to air pollution. Emanation of gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide from industries and factories also adds to a major cause for air pollution. Carbon monoxide is in a poisonous gas. Harmful gases and particles emitted during the mining operations, cause air pollution. We often have this question in mind that how does mining affect the environment. Mining indeed has a lot of adverse effects on the environment.
Via : Choiceboll

Air Pollution Effects on Animals

2011-07-08T13:19:00.000-07:00

Air Pollution Effects on Animals 2011 : Along with humans, animals - ranging from tiny microbes to large mammals, are dependent on oxygen that they derive from the air. Other than inhaling the harmful contaminants directly, Animals can also come in contact with these contaminants from the food that they eat and by absorption through their skin. Some studies do reveal that the effects of air pollution on animal species are much more severe than they are on us humans protect themselves from this hazard as we are.

Harmful gases are believed to affect animals in the same manner in which they affect humans. Experts also suggest that the particulate matter that the animals inhale over a prolonged period can get accumulated in their tissues and damage their organs in the long run.

As the ozone layer starts depleting, the harmful radiation which enter the Earth's atmosphere harm the plants and animals on the planet.At the same time, stratospheric ozone happens to be a greenhouse gas in itself, has the tendency to cause tissue damage and respiratory infections in animals.

Via choiceboll.com

Water Pollution Facts

2011-07-08T13:07:00.000-07:00

New Water Pollution Facts of 2011 About 20% of the world's population lacks access to safe drinking water and about 50% lacks adequate sanitation The faecal coliform count in Asia's rivers is 50 times higher than the WHO guidelines. Worldwide, polluted water is estimated to affect the health of about 1200 million people and to contribute to the death of about 15 million children under five every year (ICWE 1992). Levels of suspended solids in Asia's rivers, for example, almost quadrupled since the late 1970s and rivers typically contain four times the world average and 20 times OECD levels. In this case, the contaminant is arsenic, which occurs naturally in the sediments.

percent of Ireland's rivers are polluted with sewage or fertilizer. The King River is Australia's most polluted river, suffering from a severe acidic condition related to mining operations.100, 000 marine mammals, 1 million sea birds and other aquatic lives are killed due to plastic waste in water and coastal area. Bangladesh has some of the most polluted groundwater in the world.

Via choiceboll.com

Groundwater Pollution effect

2011-07-08T13:03:00.000-07:00

Groundwater Pollution effect 2011 : One of the major sources of groundwater pollution is industries. Residential areas also generate pollutants for groundwater contamination. Groundwater pollutant can be divided into point source and non-point source based on the nature of disposal. Manufacturing and other chemical industries require water for processing and cleaning purposes. Used water is recycled back to water sources without proper treatment, which in turn, results in groundwater pollution. It is also to be noted that solid industrial wastes that are dumped in certain areas also contribute to groundwater pollution. Hence, it is better to minimize the risk of groundwater pollution.

Public awareness programs about the importance of groundwater and ways to minimize its contamination should be implemented. Rainwater seeps downwards, it dissolves some of these harmful substances and contaminates groundwater.

Via from [ Pollution ]

Water Pollution on Human Health

2011-07-08T12:56:00.000-07:00

Water Pollution on Human Health of 2011 :

the effects of water pollution on our ecosystem is a broad concept. It also encompasses the effects on us which can be much more severe than we can imagine and thus have to explained separately in depth. So the most obvious effects of water pollution on humans are a range of waterborne diseases - including typhoid, jaundice, cholera and diarrhea. 14,000 people die as a result of drinking contaminated water every day shows how polluted water can adversely affect human health.All these waterborne diseases - which have the tendency to result in fatalities if not subjected to proper treatment at the earliest, can be attributed to microbial infiltration of water as a result of sewage water and human waste dumping. Drinking water which is contaminated by industrial waste is also known to damage a person's kidney and liver owing to the fact that this water contains toxic compounds in great amount. Furthermore, this toxic water can also cause tumors, ulcers, skin disorders, etc. Even though there is no concrete evidence to back the same, but some studies have revealed that drinking polluted water on a regular basis can alter the chromosome structure in humans.

Water Pollution on Ecosystem

2011-07-08T12:53:00.000-07:00

Effects of Water Pollution on the Ecosystem 2011 :

The flora and fauna found in a particular water body tend to adapt themselves to the prevailing conditions - such as temperature, acidity, etc.As we mentioned earlier, pollution affects the physical and chemical properties of water, which in turn has hazardous effects on lifeforms dependent on it as most of these properties of water also double up as abiotic factors for these lifeforms.and when there is sudden change in these conditions as a result of pollution, it tends to result in some hazardous effects on them. Especially the ones which are endemic to a particular region or particular water body, and disrupt the food chain thus, holding the entire ecosystem to ransom.

All the members being dependent on each other in an ecosystem, the loss of one species can result in a domino effect on various other species dependent on it. At the same time, the organic matter which is dumped into it also results in rapid multiplication of aerobic algae which brings down the oxygen levels of water and results in death of aquatic lifeforms. Similarly, the suspended particles in the water can hamper sunlight penetration in the water and sound the death knell for aquatic plants and animals.which are dumped into the water bodies hamper the marine life.
Via { Water Pollution on Ecosystem }

Different types of Water Pollution

2011-07-08T12:43:00.000-07:00

Different types of Water Pollution 2011 :

Surface Water Pollution
These are the natural water resources of the Earth. These are found on the exterior of the Earth's crust, oceans, rivers and lakes.

Groundwater Pollution
Considerable amount of Earth's water is found in soil or under rock structures called aquifers. People use aquifers to obtain drinking water and build wells to access it. In case this water becomes polluted, it is called groundwater pollution.

Microbiological Pollution
This is a natural form of water pollution caused by microorganisms. Most of these microorganims thrive in water and fish, land animals and humans to become ill. Microorganims like bacteria, viruses and protozoa cause serious diseases like cholera.

Oxygen depletion Pollution
Microorganisms that thrive in water feed on biodegradable substances. When a lot of biodegradable material is mixed with water, the number of microorganims increase and utilize the available oxygen.

Water Pollution Statistics

2011-07-08T12:39:00.000-07:00

Water Pollution Statistics 2011 : A study about the effects of water pollution, undertaken way back in 90s, revealed that 1,200 million people are affected the world over due to this problem. Things have changed drastically since then, and therefore it is assumed that the number of the affected people has also increased. The same study also revealed that water pollution is one of the major factors for the death of children under five every year. As a result of this incessant pollution of water, around 20 percent of the world population is left without proper water to drink. The problem of groundwater pollution is also quite prominent in the United State, and agriculture is considered to be the underlying factor for this. A study carried out in the 49 states of the US revealed that nitrate was the principal contaminant of groundwater in this region. Along side groundwater, agriculture also plays a significant role in the pollution of larger water bodies in form of surface run off. In fact, the traces of DDT, which was banned in the United States way back in 1970s, are still found in the waters of the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.

Water Pollution Effects of 2011

2011-07-08T12:37:00.000-07:00

Water Pollution Effects of 2011 : The farmers or the landowners that are situated near the fresh water bodies contribute to the pollutants which mix up into the water polluting it. The farmers who produce crops on large scale, need to treat and nurture their crops well to provide good quality of food to the increasing population.

Dumping of Plastics

Though the body of the dead animal decomposes faster, the plastic will remain and pose a threat to other sea animals. Plastic is an inevitable material which is used and produced on a large scale. Many products are manufactured from plastic which are greatly consumed around the world. Plastic takes around 400 years to degrade and kill many fish and sea animals.

Household

Many developing countries who do not have access to good living conditions and water face the problem of sewage and water pollution. daily activities require usage of water such as washing clothes, utensils, bathing, watering plants or washing hands. These activities result into wastage of water. Sewage Sewage often contain feces and the waste from household chores.

Water Pollution Effects on Animals

2011-07-08T12:31:00.000-07:00

Effects of Water Pollution on Animals 2011 : While we humans only feel the ill effects of water pollution when we consume contaminated water, go swimming in polluted water sites or make aquatic life forms from polluted water bodies part of our diet, animals are easier victims to the harmful effects of water pollution. While we have the option of treating polluted water to make it safe and drinkable and we can always choose not to bathe in polluted waters or refrain from eating aquatic animals, animals are not capable of resorting to any of these alternatives to escape the toxicity of water that has been contaminated by human and industrial waste Agricultural causes include commercial livestock and poultry farming. Municipal causes are related to waste water from homes and commercial establishments. The main aim of handling municipal waste water was to decrease the harmful bacteria, oxygen requiring materials, mixed inorganic compounds and suspended solids. Industrial causes vary as per the biochemical demand, suspended solids, inorganic and organic substances.

Water Pollution Effects on Animals Via

Fresh water storage

2008-11-08T03:06:00.001-08:00

Some runoff water is trapped for periods, for example in lakes. At high altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers. Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hot springs and geysers. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells. This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.

Distribution of water in nature

2008-11-08T03:01:00.000-08:00

Much of the universe's water may be produced as a byproduct of star formation. When stars are born, their birth is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas.

Water has been detected in interstellar clouds within our galaxy, the Milky Way. It is believed that water exists in abundance in other galaxies too, because its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Interstellar clouds eventually condense into solar nebulae and solar systems, such as ours.

Water vapor is present on:

Mercury - 3.4% in the atmosphere, and large amounts of water in Mercury's exosphere
Venus - 0.002% in the atmosphere
Earth - trace in the atmosphere (varies with climate)
Mars - 0.03% in the atmosphere
Jupiter - 0.0004% in the atmosphere
Saturn - in ices only
Enceladus (moon of Saturn) - 91% in the atmosphere
exoplanets known as HD 189733 b and HD 209458 b.